Researchers at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro used brewer's spent grain, the brewing industry's most abundant solid waste, as the primary substrate to produce a protease enzyme via fermentation with the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, achieving a fivefold increase in enzyme yield after process optimisation.

Rice is the second most cultivated crop globally, generating 72.6 million metric tonnes of rice bran annually—most of which is discarded...